Questions and Answers: Transportation Services for Individuals with Disabilities

General

What is a “wheelchair”?

Section 37.3 of the DOT regulations implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) (49 CFR Parts 27, 37, and 38) defines a “wheelchair” as a mobility aid belonging to any class of three- or more-wheeled devices, usable indoors, designed or modified for and used by individuals with mobility impairments, whether operated manually or powered.

Is an electric scooter a wheelchair?

Yes, provided that the electric scooter meets the definition of “wheelchair” in Section 37.3 of the DOT ADA regulations.

Some wheelchairs weigh more than 600 pounds when occupied, and the design load of the lifts on our vehicles is 800 pounds. Is a transportation operator required to carry these “overweight” wheelchairs?

Yes. Transportation operators must carry a wheelchair and occupant if the lift and vehicle can physically accommodate them. If a lift has the minimum design load of 600 pounds, there is no requirement for an agency to transport a heavier occupied device. However, if the vehicle lift has a design load of 800 pounds, the agency would need to transport an 800-pound wheelchair/passenger combination, but not a combination exceeding 800 pounds. An operator may deny transportation if carrying the wheelchair and its occupant would be inconsistent with legitimate safety requirements, as when, for example, the wheelchair is so large it would block an aisle or would interfere with the safe evacuation of passengers in an emergency.

Is a transportation operator required to procure vehicles with lifts that have a design load of more than 600 pounds?

No. 49 CFR Part 38 continues to require that lifts have a minimum design load of 600 pounds and that the lift platform accommodate a wheelchair measuring 30 inches by 48 inches. However, if a transportation operator procures vehicles with lifts that have a design load of more than 600 pounds, or the platform and vehicle will accommodate a wheelchair that exceeds the dimension of 30 inches by 48 inches, the operator must carry the wheelchair and its occupant.¹

Are transportation operators required to retrofit their vehicles to accommodate larger and heavier wheelchairs?

No. 49 CFR Part 38 continues to require that lifts have a minimum design load of 600 pounds and the lift platform accommodates a wheelchair measuring 30 inches by 48 inches.

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) motor vehicle safety regulations require that a wheelchair lift be tested to withstand a 600-pound load. If the manufacturer states that the design load is 800 pounds, can the transportation operator limit actual use to 600 pounds for safety reasons?

No. The NHTSA safety standards and the DOT ADA regulations were designed to complement each other. The manufacturer’s design load represents the amount of weight that the lift is capable of supporting. The 600-pound test required under NHTSA’s Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) represents the minimum design load specified under 49 CFR Part 38. FMVSS does not limit the capacity of the lift.

Section 38.23(b)(1) requires a safety factor of six times the design load for working parts and three times the design load for nonworking parts. Given the requirement for safety factors of 3x and 6x the design load (depending upon the component), a lift with a 600 lb. design load should not be straining to the point of failure until the load approaches 1,800 lbs. (3 x 600).

If the lift manufacturer specifies that wheelchairs must face away from the vehicle when using the lift, are transportation operators required to permit passengers to board facing the vehicle?

Yes. 49 CFR Part 38 specifies that a lift must permit both inboard and outboard facing of wheelchair users. A lift that requires passengers to face a specific direction does not comply with the regulations.

What kinds of services must transportation personnel provide?

Because safe and nondiscriminatory transportation is the responsibility of the transportation operator, Section 37.173 of the DOT ADA regulations requires operators to train their personnel to properly assist and treat individuals with disabilities with sensitivity, and to operate vehicles and equipment safely. This includes training personnel to use the accessibility equipment and to accommodate the different types of wheelchairs.

Attendant-type services (e.g., manually lifting or transferring passengers to seats and carrying personal baggage or suitcases (except where provided to nondisabled passengers)) are not required. However, assistance with boarding and disembarking, including pushing a manual wheelchair up a particularly steep ramp, is required.

Does a wheelchair need brakes in order to use the transportation service?

No. The DOT ADA regulations’ definition of a wheelchair does not include a requirement for brakes or any other equipment. A transportation operator may not deny transportation to a wheelchair user because the device does not have brakes or the user does not choose to set the brakes.

Can an operator refuse to carry a person with a disability, especially a person using an electric scooter that meets the definition of a “wheelchair,” because of higher insurance rates or liability concerns?

No. Section 37.5(g) of the DOT ADA regulations prohibits an operator from denying service to an individual with a disability because its insurance company conditions coverage or rates on the absence of individuals with disabilities or persons who use wheelchairs.

Can an operator require a person to transfer from a wheelchair to a vehicle seat?

No. Section 37.165(e) of the DOT ADA regulations allows persons who use wheelchairs to transfer to a vehicle seat, if one is available. Such a move is the rider’s decision and the operator cannot force a rider to transfer to a vehicle seat, although the operator can suggest a transfer in a non-coercive way.